Which Family Was a Major Influence of the Renaissance Art Period?
Known as the Renaissance, the period immediately following the Middle Ages in Europe saw a great revival of interest in the classical learning and values of ancient Greece and Rome. Against a backdrop of political stability and growing prosperity, the evolution of new technologies–including the printing press, a new organization of astronomy and the discovery and exploration of new continents–was accompanied by a flowering of philosophy, literature and especially art.
The style of painting, sculpture and decorative arts identified with the Renaissance emerged in Italy in the late 14th century; it reached its zenith in the late 15th and early on 16th centuries, in the work of Italian masters such as Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo and Raphael. In addition to its expression of classical Greco-Roman traditions, Renaissance art sought to capture the experience of the individual and the beauty and mystery of the natural world.
Origins of Renaissance Art
The origins of Renaissance fine art can be traced to Italy in the late 13th and early 14th centuries. During this and so-called "proto-Renaissance" period (1280-1400), Italian scholars and artists saw themselves as reawakening to the ideals and achievements of classical Roman civilisation. Writers such as Petrarch (1304-1374) and Giovanni Boccaccio (1313-1375) looked back to ancient Hellenic republic and Rome and sought to revive the languages, values and intellectual traditions of those cultures later the long period of stagnation that had followed the autumn of the Roman Empire in the 6th century.
The Florentine painter Giotto (1267?-1337), the most famous artist of the proto-Renaissance, fabricated enormous advances in the technique of representing the human being body realistically. His frescoes were said to have decorated cathedrals at Assisi, Rome, Padua, Florence and Naples, though there has been difficulty attributing such works with certainty.
Early Renaissance Art (1401-1490s)
In the later 14th century, the proto-Renaissance was stifled past plague and war, and its influences did not emerge again until the first years of the side by side century. In 1401, the sculptor Lorenzo Ghiberti (c. 1378-1455) won a major contest to blueprint a new gear up of bronze doors for the Baptistery of the cathedral of Florence, beating out contemporaries such as the architect Filippo Brunelleschi (1377-1446) and the young Donatello (c. 1386- 1466), who would afterward sally every bit the primary of early Renaissance sculpture.
The other major artist working during this period was the painter Masaccio (1401-1428), known for his frescoes of the Trinity in the Church building of Santa Maria Novella (c. 1426) and in the Brancacci Chapel of the Church of Santa Maria del Carmine (c. 1427), both in Florence. Masaccio painted for less than six years but was highly influential in the early Renaissance for the intellectual nature of his work, as well as its degree of naturalism.
Florence in the Renaissance
Though the Catholic Church building remained a major patron of the arts during the Renaissance–from popes and other prelates to convents, monasteries and other religious organizations–works of art were increasingly commissioned by civil regime, courts and wealthy individuals. Much of the art produced during the early Renaissance was deputed by the wealthy merchant families of Florence, nearly notably the Medici family.
From 1434 until 1492, when Lorenzo de' Medici–known as "the Magnificent" for his strong leadership as well equally his back up of the arts–died, the powerful family unit presided over a golden age for the city of Florence. Pushed from power past a republican coalition in 1494, the Medici family spent years in exile only returned in 1512 to preside over another flowering of Florentine art, including the array of sculptures that now decorates the city'due south Piazza della Signoria.
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High Renaissance Fine art (1490s-1527)
Past the end of the 15th century, Rome had displaced Florence as the main center of Renaissance art, reaching a high betoken under the powerful and ambitious Pope Leo Ten (a son of Lorenzo de' Medici). Three great masters–Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo and Raphael–dominated the period known every bit the High Renaissance, which lasted roughly from the early 1490s until the sack of Rome by the troops of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V of Spain in 1527.
Leonardo (1452-1519) was the ultimate "Renaissance human" for the breadth of his intellect, involvement and talent and his expression of humanist and classical values. Leonardo's all-time-known works, including the "Mona Lisa" (1503-05), "The Virgin of the Rocks" (1485) and the fresco "The Last Supper" (1495-98), showcase his unparalleled ability to portray lite and shadow, also as the concrete relationship between figures–humans, animals and objects akin–and the landscape around them.
Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475-1564) drew on the human body for inspiration and created works on a vast scale. He was the ascendant sculptor of the High Renaissance, producing pieces such equally the Pietà in St. Peter'due south Cathedral (1499) and the David in his native Florence (1501-04). He carved the latter by paw from an enormous marble block; the famous statue measures five meters loftier including its base. Though Michelangelo considered himself a sculptor start and foremost, he achieved greatness every bit a painter as well, notably with his giant fresco covering the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, completed over four years (1508-12) and depicting various scenes from Genesis.
Raphael Sanzio, the youngest of the three swell Loftier Renaissance masters, learned from both da Vinci and Michelangelo. His paintings–most notably "The School of Athens" (1508-eleven), painted in the Vatican at the same fourth dimension that Michelangelo was working on the Sistine Chapel–skillfully expressed the classical ideals of beauty, tranquillity and harmony. Among the other great Italian artists working during this catamenia were Sandro Botticelli, Bramante, Giorgione, Titian and Correggio.
Renaissance Art in Do
Many works of Renaissance fine art depicted religious images, including subjects such equally the Virgin Mary, or Madonna, and were encountered by contemporary audiences of the period in the context of religious rituals. Today, they are viewed as great works of art, only at the time they were seen and used generally every bit devotional objects. Many Renaissance works were painted as altarpieces for incorporation into rituals associated with Cosmic Mass and donated by patrons who sponsored the Mass itself.
Renaissance artists came from all strata of club; they unremarkably studied as apprentices before being admitted to a professional social club and working under the tutelage of an older master. Far from being starving bohemians, these artists worked on committee and were hired by patrons of the arts because they were steady and reliable. Italy's ascent middle class sought to imitate the aristocracy and elevate their ain condition by purchasing art for their homes. In improver to sacred images, many of these works portrayed domestic themes such as marriage, nascency and the everyday life of the family.
Expansion and Decline
Over the course of the 15th and 16th centuries, the spirit of the Renaissance spread throughout Italy and into France, northern Europe and Spain. In Venice, artists such as Giorgione (1477/78-1510) and Titian (1488/xc-1576) further developed a method of painting in oil direct on canvas; this technique of oil painting allowed the artist to rework an image–as fresco painting (on plaster) did not–and it would dominate Western art to the present day.
Oil painting during the Renaissance can be traced back fifty-fifty farther, however, to the Flemish painter Jan van Eyck (died 1441), who painted a masterful altarpiece in the cathedral at Ghent (c. 1432). Van Eyck was one of the most of import artists of the Northern Renaissance; later masters included the German painters Albrecht Durer (1471-1528) and Hans Holbein the Younger (1497/98-1543).
Past the later 1500s, the Mannerist style, with its emphasis on artificiality, had adult in opposition to the arcadian naturalism of High Renaissance fine art, and Mannerism spread from Florence and Rome to go the dominant style in Europe. Renaissance art continued to be celebrated, however: The 16th-century Florentine artist and art historian Giorgio Vasari, author of the famous work "Lives of the Most Eminent Painters, Sculptors and Architects" (1550), would write of the High Renaissance as the culmination of all Italian art, a process that began with Giotto in the tardily 13th century.
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Source: https://www.history.com/topics/renaissance/renaissance-art
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